Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory (ExPPL)

Research

The Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory (ExPPL) provides essential research opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students. Laboratory experiences are also available for Kinesiology undergraduate majors as an opportunity to expand the student’s theoretical and practical understanding, develop unique and innovative research skills, and foster their intellectual growth through the research process.

Generally, research in the ExPPL involves the examination of the role of exercise, encapsulated along a physical activity continuum ranging from low-to-moderate forms of exercise (e.g., walking, cycling, running) to vigorous exercise (e.g., competitive swimming, running) and physical activity performed in extreme environments (e.g., firefighting), on a variety of psychological outcomes, including basic affect, fatigue/energy, anxiety, and depression. Across this continuum, research in the ExPPL is aimed at a more complete understanding of the psychophysiological effects that such exercise/physical activity has on the individual. This includes not only an understanding of the pre-to-post exercise changes that take place, but also an understanding of the in-task changes that occur. Ultimately, this research is aimed at developing a better understanding of how exercise makes people feel in order to enhance adherence to such activity. To this end, the following questions drive the research: how does exercise influence the way people feel after they have finished (e.g., do they feel exhilaration, distress, fatigue, or boredom)?; how does exercise influence the way people feel during the exercise?; how do individuals differ in terms of their preference for and tolerance of different levels of exercise intensity and does that preference/tolerance influence how they feel?; how do these factors influence the enjoyment of exercise and the motivation to stay in an exercise program over the long haul?; how is cognitive functioning (e.g., decision-making ability) impacted by exercise in extreme conditions? Perhaps most importantly, research in the ExPPL is aimed at determining psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on these affective and cognitive changes.

Ongoing ExPPL research includes the following:

Research Projects

• Exercise Intensity-Brain Activity-Affect—examine, using different samples and exercise modalities, whether resting regional brain activation is predictive of affective responses to acute bouts of exercise. This provides evidence supporting: (a) the notion that regional brain activation can serve as a biological marker of a predisposition to respond to affective stimuli (e.g., like exercise) and (b) the idea that aerobic exercise can indeed be an emotion-eliciting stimulus. Research also examines: whether ongoing brain activation is reflective of current affective states; whether both of these measures change as a function of acute exercise; and other psychophysiological measures of affect in an attempt to provide converging evidence.
• Exercise Intensity-Enjoyment—examination of the exercise-enjoyment relationship by manipulating exercise intensity and also examining the extent to which individual differences play a role in determining/influencing such a relationship.
• Health and Wellness—in conjunction with the Illinois Fire Service Institute
  • Project examines objective (muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance, body composition) and subjective (perceived fitness, perceived health and well-being) in recruit firefighters at the beginning and end of a 6-week training course that includes a fitness training component. To date, over 250 individuals have been tested in this ongoing study.
• Heat Stress/Firefighting studies—We have been interested in determining the psychophysiological effects of performing demanding physical activity in hot, hostile environments, including (a) the examination of individual difference factors and whether such factors might be able to predict those individuals more likely to experience difficulties when performing heavy physical work in the heat; (b) the effects of different rehabilitation strategies on the recovery from such demanding activity; and (c) how cognitive function is influenced by such activity. Some of these studies have been recently funded by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH).

Recently Completed Research

• Inability of Frontal Asymmetry to Predict Affective Changes to 10-min Walk by Hall, E.E., Ekkekakis, P., Van Landuyt, L.M., & Petruzzello, S.J.
• Psychometric properties of the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) in the context of acute aerobic exercise: Another look by Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., & Petruzzello, S.J.
• Positive Affective Changes Following a 10-Minute Outdoor Walk by Van Landuyt, L.M., Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., & Petruzzello, S.J.
• Regional brain activation as a biological marker of affective responsivity to acute exercise: Influence of fitness by Hall, E.E., Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J.
• The influence of body position on regional brain activation by Petruzzello, S.J., Hall, E.E., & Ekkekakis, P.
• Resting frontal asymmetry as a biological marker of affective responsivity to acute exercise by Hall, E.E., Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J.
• Brain activation and mental health as a function of physical activity in older adults by Hall, E.E. & Petruzzello, S.J.
• Effects of exercise and relaxation on affect and brain activity by Van Staveren, T., Achord, S., Hall, E.E., Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J.
• Hematological Responses to strenuous live-fire firefighting activities by Smith, D.L., Petruzzello, S.J., Woods, J.A., Chludzinski, M.A., & Reed, J.J.

Published Research

• Affective responses to acute exercise: a test of opponent - process theory by Petruzzello, S.J., Jones, A.C., & Tate, A.K.
• Brain activation, affect, and aerobic exercise: An examination of both state-independent and state-dependent relationships by Petruzzello, S.J., & Tate, A.K.
• The effects of different thermal environments on the physiological and psychological responses of firefighters to a training drill by Smith, D.L., Petruzzello S.J., Kramer, J.M., & Misner, J.E.
• Physiological, psychophysical, and psychological responses of firefighters to firefighting training drills by Smith, D.L., Petruzzello S.J., Kramer, J.M., & Misner, J.E.
• Varying the intensity of acute exercise: Implications for changes in affect by Tate, A.K., & Petruzzello, S.J.
• State anxiety reduction and exercise: Does hemispheric activation reflect such changes? by Petruzzello S.J., & Landers, D.M.
• Spontaneous eyeblinks and state anxiety following exercise by O'Connor, P.J., & Petruzzello, S.J.
• A meta-analysis on the anxiety-reducing effects of acute and chronic exercise. Outcomes and mechanisms by Petruzzello, S.J., Landers, D.M., Hatfield, B.D., Kubitz, K.A., & Salazar, W.

Recent Publications

• Petruzzello, S.J., Landers, D.M., Hatfield, B.D., Kubitz, K.A., & Salazar, W. (1991). A meta-analysis on the anxiety reducing effects of acute and chronic exercise: Outcomes and mechanisms. Sports Medicine, 11, 143-182.
• Petruzzello, S.J. & Landers, D.M. (1994). State anxiety reduction and exercise: Does hemispheric activation reflect such changes? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 26, 1028-1035.
• Petruzzello, S.J. & Tate, A.K. (1997). Brain activation, affect, and aerobic exercise: An examination of both state-independent and state-dependent relationships. Psychophysiology, 34, 527-533.
• Hall, E.E. & Petruzzello, S.J. (1999). Frontal asymmetry, dispositional affect and physical activity in older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 7, 76-90.
• Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J. (1999). Acute aerobic exercise and affect: Current status, problems, and prospects regarding dose response. Sports Medicine, 28 (5), 337-374.
• Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., VanLanduyt, L.M., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2000). Walking in (affective) circles: Can short walks enhance affect? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 245-275.
• Hall, E.E., Ekkekakis, P., Van Landuyt, L.M., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2000). Resting frontal asymmetry predicts self-selected walking speed but not affective responses to a short walk. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 71, 74-79.
• VanLanduyt, L.M., Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2000). Throwing the mountains into the lakes: On the perils of nomothetic conceptions of the exercise-affect relationship. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 22, 208-234.
• Petruzzello, S.J., Hall, E.E., & Ekkekakis, P. (2001). Regional brain activation as a biological marker of affective responsivity to acute exercise: Influence of fitness. Psychophysiology, 38, 99-106.
• Smith, D.L., Petruzzello, S.J., & Manning, T. (2001). The effect of strenuous live-fire drills on cardiovascular and psychological responses of recruit firefighters. Ergonomics, 44(3), 244-254.
• Smith, D.L., Petruzzello, S.J., Chludzinski, M.A., Reed, J.J., & Woods, J.A. (2001). Effect of strenuous live-fire fire fighting drills on hematological, blood chemistry and psychological measures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 26, 375-379.>
• Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2000). Analysis of the affect measurement conundrum in exercise psychology: I. Fundamental issues. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 1, 71-88.
• Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2001). Analysis of the affect measurement conundrum in exercise psychology: II. A conceptual and methodological critique of the Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2, 1-26.
• Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2001). Analysis of the affect measurement conundrum in exercise psychology: III. A conceptual and methodological critique of the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2, 205-232.
• Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2002). Analysis of the affect measurement conundrum in exercise psychology: IV. A conceptual case for the affect circumplex. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 35-63.
• Hall, E.E., Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2002). The affective beneficence of vigorous exercise revisited. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 47-66.
• Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2004). Practical markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during exercise: Rationale and a case for affect-based exercise prescription. Preventive Medicine, 38, 149-159.
• Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2005). Evaluation of the circumplex structure of the Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List before and after a short walk. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 6, 83-101.
• Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., & Petruzzello, S.J. (In press, 2005). Variation and homogeneity in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: An alternative perspective on dose-response based on evolutionary considerations. Journal of Sports Sciences.
• Smith, D.L., Petruzzello, S.J., Chludzinski, M.A., Reed, J.J., & Woods, J.A. (2005). Selected hormonal and immunological responses to strenuous live-fire firefighting drills. Ergonomics, 48, 55-65.