Measures

Barriers Self-Efficacy

Causal Dimension Scale - II:

Exercise Self-Efficacy

Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (MOEES)

Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES)

Barriers Self-Efficacy:

McAuley, E. (1992). The role of efficacy cognitions in the prediction of exercise behavior in middle-aged adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 65-88.

The barriers specific self-efficacy scale was designed to tap subjects' perceived capabilities to exercise in the face of commonly identified barriers to participation. Participants indicate their degree of confidence for each item on a 0% (no confidence at all) to 100% (complete confidence) scale. The confidence scores are summed and divided by the total number of items giving a possible range of 0-100%. This measure is composed of 13-items, although shorter versions of the scale have been successfully employed with older adults to predict exercise behavior in diverse populations.

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Causal Dimension Scale - II:

McAuley, E., Duncan, T., & Russell, D. (1992). Measuring causal attributions: The revised Causal Dimension Scale (CDSII). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 566-573.

This is a revision of the original Casual Dimension Scale (CDS; Russell, 1982) and takes into consideration the participant as an active agent in the attribution process. The CDS-2 assesses causal attributions along four dimensions: Locus of Causality, Stability, Personal Control, and External Control.

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Exercise Self-Efficacy:

McAuley, E. (1993). Self-efficacy and the maintenance of exercise participation in older adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 103-113.

This measure is designed to tap subjects' efficacy with respect to continued exercise participation in prescribed exercise regimens over incremental periods of time. Participants indicate their degree of confidence for each item on a 0% (no confidence at all) to 100% (complete confidence) scale. The confidence scores are summed and divided by the total number of items giving a possible range of 0-100%.

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Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise:

Wójcicki, T. R., White, S. W., & McAuley, E. (in press). Assessing outcome expectations in older adults: The Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (MOEES). Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences.

The Multidimensional Outcomes Expectations for Exercise Scale is a 15-item scale reflecting three subdomains of outcome expectations (6 items reflecting physical, 5 items reflecting self-evaluative, and 4 items reflecting social outcome expectations). Participants were asked to rate how strongly they agreed with each of these items on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Each subscale is scored by summing the numerical ratings for each response. The total outcome expectations score is a sum of all of the subscale scores. Higher scores are indicative of higher levels of outcome expectations for exercise.

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Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES):

McAuley, E., & Courneya, K. (1994). The Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES): Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 163-177.

The Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES; McAuley & Courneya, 1994) is a 12-item scale assessing three general categories of subjective responses to exercise stimuli: positive well-being, psychological distress, and fatigue. For each item on the SEES, participants rate how strongly they are experiencing each feeling state along a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much so). The SEES has been applied across a variety of populations, including older adults and children.

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